Article Abstract

Volume 36, No. (2), 2026 (April)
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, GC/GC-MS ANALYSIS, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACT OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF TINOSPORA CRISPA
Muhammad Bilawal, Shamsuddin Bughio, Rehana Buriro, 4. Muhammad Imran Malik, 5. Shaheen Faizi

M. Bilawal¹, S. Bughio²*, R. Buriro³, 4. I. Malik⁴, 5. Faizi⁵

¹ Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060, Tandojam, Pakistan,
² Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060, Tandojam, Pakistan,
³ Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060, Tandojam, Pakistan,
⁴ Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan. Third World Centre for Science and Te,
⁵ Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan. Third World Centre for Science and Te,

Corresponding Author: sbughio@sau.edu.pk
Page Number(s): 513-529
Published Online First: December 25, 2025
Publication Date: February 28, 2026
ABSTRACT

Tinospora crispa is a medicinal plant, traditionally used for a wide range of pharmacological activities. This study conducted phytochemical screening, both qualitative and quantitative, of the non-polar dichloromethane (DCM) extract from the aerial parts of T. crispa, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimuriumthrough agar well diffusion method. The analysis confirmed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, fatty acids, tannins, saponins, coumarins, carbohydrates, resins, alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, and proteins. However, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, and emodins were absent. The extract comprised a complex mixture of compounds, including oxygenated monoterpenes (e.g., 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-(3-hydroxybutyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl), long-chain ketones (e.g., 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl), fatty acids (n-hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids), and a variety of sterols and triterpenoids such as ethyl iso-allocholate, stigmasterol, α-amyrin, and betulin. Notably, a high relative abundance (43.85% area sum) of 6a,14a-methanopicene, perhydro-1,2,4a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-hydroxy was observed, suggesting that triterpenoids may contribute significantly to the pharmacological effects of the extract. The antibacterial activity of the DCM extract was determined against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimuriumStatistical analysis indicated that extract concentration significantly influenced antibacterial activity (p<0.005), with a concentration-dependent increase against both pathogenic bacteria. The extract produced inhibition zones of 15.6 ± 0.3 mm (6 µl) and 11.6 ± 0.3 mm (3µl) against S. typhimurium, whereas inhibited zones of 9.2 ± 0.0.1 mm (6 µl) and 3.9 ± 0.05 mm (3 µl) were observed against E. coli. These findings provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of T. crispa DCM extract and highlight its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity, supporting its traditional medical application and source of novel therapeutic agents.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Dichloromethane extract; Phytochemical profiling; Tinospora crispa; GC/GCMS; Aerial plant
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Cite Score: 1.3

JCR Year: 2025

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Journal Impact Factor: 0.5

HEC Category: W

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Print ISSN: 1018-7081

Electronic ISSN: 2309-8694

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