EXPLORATION OF MEDICINAL PHYTO-DIVERSITY OF THE SEMI-ARID AREA IN PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
M. A. Akram1, 2*, N. Iqbal2, M. Aqeel1, N. Khalid3, S. Alamri4, 5, M. Hashem4, 6, M. Abrar1, A. Manan1, W. Islam7 and A. Noman2*
1 School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PR China
2Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 3Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
4King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
5Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
6Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
7College of geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
*Corresponding Author’s Email: alinoman@gcuf.edu.pk; ynmadnan@gmail.com
Abbreviation s:-
FC:
|
The number of informants mentioning uses of a plant species
|
FL:
|
Fidelity Level
|
GIP:
|
Gastro-intestinal & intestinal parasites
|
ICF:
|
Informant Consensus Factor
|
IK:
|
Indigenous Knowledge
|
IP:
|
Indigenous Plants
|
JI:
|
Jaccard Index
|
Nt:
|
The number of taxa or species used to cure that disease category
|
Nur:
|
The total number of use report for each disease category
|
RFC:
|
Relative Frequency Citation
|
ROP:
|
Rank Order Priority
|
RPL:
|
Relative Popularity Level
|
UV:
|
Use Value
|
ABSTRACT
This is the first ethno-botanical study about the indigenous plants of district Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan. Main theme behind this study documents the existing ethno-medicinal data about local traditional herbal treatments. Overall, 300 local informants were interviewed from 22different locations of the district and collected data was analyzed by using different quantitative ethnobotanical tools. The 61 plants of 53 genera and 29 families be there found in use for 15 disease caused by microorganisms and contagious ones also. With reference to highest Use Value (UV), Ficus carica (0.83), Albizzia lebbeck (0.73) and Psidium guajava (0.71) were found the most used medicinal plant species in area. The 100% Fidelity Level (FL) was calculated for Acacia nilotica being used against gastro, respiratory, diabetics and hypertension. The highest Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) value was calculated for Citrus aurantifolia. The maximum Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) index was calculated for gastro and respiratory problems, fever, headache, and skin infection. The comparative study by calculating Jaccard Index (JI) with reported literature was shown that 8.18%resemblance and 12.81% distinction to earlier studies; however 79.01% medicinal uses of the reported species were documented the first time. The plants reported with high RPL index can be further analyzed for biochemical pharmaceutical and biotechnological screening.
Keywords: Biochemical, Diseases, Ethnobotanical study, Jaccard Index, Popular.
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.6.0166 Published online August 03,2020
Graphical Abstract
INTRODUCTION
The exclusive use of medicinal plants recipes and products by the people with faith to cure different diseases showed their reliance on medicinal plants (Islam et al., 2017; Shinwari and Qaiser 2011). Achievement of any curative system depends on the accessibility of suitable drugs on a sustainable source (Akram, 2020). Medicinal plants generally found in massive quantity particularly in the tropics, work on such plants prolong to concern researchers all over the world (Arulmozhi et al., 2007; Aqeel et al., 2019). The key goal of ethno pharmacological research be about to trace indigenous knowledge about plants and with profitable outcomes (Leporatti and Lattanzi 1994; Shinwari and Khan 2000). More than 80% of the populace in the third world countries depends merely on the therapeutic plants for conventional remedy. Natural remedies are cheaper and often the only medicines exist in distant countryside areas. Pakistan is gifted with amazing variety of natural flora with medicinal properties owing to varied climatic conditions (Shinwari 2010; Ali et al., 2016). Almost, 1500 plants which have suitable curative features stated in Pakistan. Eighty-four percent of populations prefer conventional medicines for their therapeutic desires (Hocking 1958). Presently, many synthetic medicines are also contrived by consuming biological constituent’s resultant from medicinal flora. Ethno-botanical studies on the curative usages of plants by the natives are frequently notable; as an outcome, they offer new medicines from the herbal source (Noman et al., 2013; Amjad et al., 2017). Above 21,000 plants have been recorded for their medicinal uses in the world (Sarwat and Ahmad 2012). Approximately 20% out of the total plants present in the world are consumed for therapeutic treatments in humans (Khan et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2012). The use of curative plants in customary health system changed the devotion and direction of scientists to ethno-botanical studies.
The district Faisalabad’s soil is fertile, possessing a variety of plants with enormous healing properties. But phyto-diversity of this district remained unexplored. Keeping in view all these facts, the current study was planned to file the local therapeutic plants and indigenous data of this area to assess curative plants handed down by native community of district Faisalabad. We documented the local medicinal data about traditional herbal treatments for different diseases, including plant fragment(s) consumed and their application methods, way of grounding by using different ethno-botanical indices. Therefore, we have confidence that current study will act as glimmer of hope and aid to protect threatened plant species and as well as play probably noteworthy role to find the novel medicines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of study area: The current research was conducted in Faisalabad and it is the second largest district of province Punjab-Pakistan. District Faisalabad has an area of about 5,856 km2 (2,261 mi2).. Geographically, it is situated between 73˚ to 74˚ east longitudes and 30˚ to 31.5˚ north latitude, at 605 feet (at 180 meters) above the sea level. Faisalabad has semi-arid climate and weather of Faisalabad is intense with very slight rain fall and average annual rainfall is almost 375 millimeters (14.8 inch). The temperature range is 50˚C in summer season (in month of June-July) to 04˚C in winter season (in month of January-February). The river Chenab meets almost 80% of water requirements of the cultivated land.
Ethno-botanical survey, data collection, plants identification and preservation: We collected and document the indigenous knowledge (IK) and medicinal uses of local flora of district Faisalabad. The data was collected from 22 different sites of district (Figure 1). The fieldwork was based on frequent field tours, observations, (Malla et al., 2015) and individual interviews of 300 informants based on standard method and guidelines (Ishtiaq et al., 2012; Martin 2010; Chan et al., 2012).The ideal opportunity for field visits was chosen as per the existence cycle of the plants and their period of blossoming. The gathering, preparing and usage of the plant items by the neighborhood network were likewise remembered. The plants species were collected on various field visits from the investigation territory deliberately. The diverse accessible plant parts were collected like branches, bark, blooms, seeds and natural products and in addition conceivable.
All the 61 plants samples were collected with the assistance of local peoples during flowering stage pressed and preserved. Mostly information was documented during the field tours comprised informants bio data, local name(s) of used species, different parts of used plant, plant sources, preparation and administration measures, health disorders treated and others. The local herbalists (Hakims)/traditional healers and drug-sellers were also accessed for ratification of plants and their local medicinal uses. The photographs of reported plant species were caught with their blooms, leafy foods and in addition conceivable to confirm the identification (Figure 2).
Additional confirmation and consistency of collected information, plants scientific names and grouping were reconfirmed with the assistance of herbaria correlation, accessible ordered writing, Flora of West Pakistan, Flora of Punjab and Flora of Pakistan (Hocking, 1958). The gathered species were further dehydrated and safeguarded. Emphatically, the reported plants herbarium was preserved and plant sample slips were submitted in Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad. For further authentication of botanical names the international sites were used (www.theplantlist.org, and http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl). The local and scientific names of reported plant species and their ethno-medicinal usages were documented cautiously.
Quantitative analysis of collected data by using Ethnobotanical Indices: The collected and recorded data were expressed in MS excel sheets in the form of matrix citing botanical names of reported plant species, local names, locality of collection, family name, plant parts used, chemical constituents and ethno-medicinal uses (Table 1, 5). The ethnobotanical data was collected, calculated, integrated and analyzed as described and recommended (Verpoorte, 2002). The validity of data was checked by computing different ethnobotanical indices. The values of reported data were given in proportions and percentages.
Informants consensus factor (ICF): The informant consensus factor (ICF) value was ranged from 0 to 1 and ICF index was computed by utilizing the equation (Bhat et al., 2014; Heinrich et al., 1998)
FIC=Nur−Nt/(Nur−1)…………… (Equation 1)
Where, “Nur” the aggregate number of utilization report for every disease class, “Nt” the quantity of taxa or species utilized to cure particular disease class and “1” shows highest level of informant consensus.
Use value (UV): Use value, a technique that concludes the relative significance on plant uses, was also ascertained by utilizing the accompanying equation as described earlier (Phillips and Gentry 1993; Šavikin et al., 2013),
UV=∑Ui/N…………… (Equation 2)
Where, "U" demonstrates the quantity of usages referred by informants for that plant species and "N" eludes the aggregate number of local witnesses/sources. High value of UV denotes that numerous use reports for that species and low value denotes less use reports stated by informants.
Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC): It was computed to assess the indigenous importance of a plant in study area. RFC was determined by utilizing the accompanying recipe as depicted earlier (Vitalini et al., 2013),
RFC = FC/N (0 < RFC <1)…………… (Equation 3)
Where, "FC" is the quantity of witnesses specifying utilize of a plant and "N" is the aggregate number of witnesses/sources participating in survey.
Fidelity level (FL): It is calculated by using following formula as described previously
(Alexiades and Sheldon 1996),
FL (%) = (Np / N) × 100…………… (Equation 4)
Where, "Np" the quantity of witnesses who cited the utilization of specific plant for a specific ailment and "N" aggregate number of sources citing to that species for a disease.
Relative popularity level (RPL): Briefly, an adjustment scale was presented, in which whole experienced plants were partitioned as “popular” and “unpopular”. For popular plant species, RPL was self-assertively chosen by using rational approach as to 1.0 and “1” express the popularity of a plant species for main disease or disease category, while “0” express that no any disease or disease category cured by a plant. For unpopular plants, the RPL is under 1.0. RPL esteems might be ascertained for every particular species as per its location on graph. RPL was computed for singular species from the correlation between the quantity of witnesses who cited to a specific species and the normal number of usages individual species (Friedman et al., 1986).
Jaccard Index (JI): The JI is utilized to contrast the present ethnobotanical research information and earlier published medicinal plants data in different regions of Pakistan and also with different nation-states of the world. The JI was figured by utilizing the recipe portrayed previously (González-Tejero et al., 2008),
JI
|
= c ×
|
100
|
(Equation 5)
|
a+b-c
|
Where, “a” is reported quantity of plants of the present investigation territory, “b” is earlier published number of plants in other different areas and “c” for common quantity of plants in the two zones.
Rank order priority (ROP): ROP is a correction factor that used to give the proper positioning of plants using diverse values of FL and RPL. ROP is evaluated by formula as elucidated previously (Friedman et al., 1986)
ROP=FL×RPL… (Equation 6)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Faisalabad city possess a variety of plants, having massive therapeutic value. In current research work we focused on point by point ethno-medicinal and photographic portrayal of collective plants. Total 61 plants belonging to 53 genera and 29 families were gathered and recognized (Table 1, 5). The observed plant types include trees, shrubs and herbs. Chief plant habit was tree (Table 1). It discloses from collected floral data that majority of the plant species belongs to Moraceae family (Figure 4). A part of local population cannot afford modern medicines due to high price. Therefore, plants are extensively used by them for treatment of the sicknesses. Different parts of plants such as leaf, root and seed and so on are used to treat multiple diseases and health disorders. The plants at some point indicate variety in their stuffs (for the most part constituents) with the difference in environmental conditions.
Gender based use of indigenous knowledge (IK), age and occupation: Mostly the males have more IK and are familiar about the use of medicinal plants. Males also graduated as herbalists (Hakims) and practiced as traditional healer or Hakim while there is lesser trend of females to learn formal education as herbalists. Females have commonly learned IK from their parents through daily life observations. Majority of individuals acknowledged to have applicable IK and were practicing as herbalists (Hakims) were above 50 years. Moreover, the socio-demographic data of informants are shown in Table 2 and literacy data in Table 3, respectively.
Species diversity, consumptions and its application: This study highlighted versatile uses of 61 species belong to 29 families to treat and cure human diseases. We studied and noted the typical usages of local wild type indigenous plant species. Basic information about indigenous plants (IP) was set systematically by family and species name, curative practices and chemical constituents (Table 5).
Results reveal that collected indigenous herbs are widely being utilized to treat many ailments by local community of this district. Our findings are in accordance with opinion of earlier workers reported the similar application of herbs, particularly as solution in Faisalabad and adjoining zones (Zereen et al., 2013). A few plants in Faisalabad district have also been observed in other districts of province. For example, Mangifera indica, Ficus religiosa, Jasminum sambac etc. have been reported in this district and in Hafizabad district (Umair et al., 2017). It is worth mentioning that the region had meager agriculture conveniences of valuable therapeutic plants and apparently facing risk from over exploitation like grazing and cutting. The public responsiveness about the sustainability and protection of these plant species is crucially significant to control extensive cutting and detrimental practice before many of these turn into non-existent.
Plants parts used and extensively used plant part: Different fragments of therapeutic native flora were utilized as drug by the indigenous community of this district (Figure 3). Amid the dissimilar herbal parts foliage were maximum used to cure the illnesses tracked by bark, fruit, root, flower, whole plant, stem and heart wood. Our results are in agreement to the results of Panghal et al.,(2010) and Noman et al., (2013, 2017) who described that the foliage was frequently utilized to cure diseases. Contrarily, our results are not in consent to the opinion about which had tended that root was the most well-known utilized part for the treatment of different ailments (Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011; Teklehaymanot 2009).
Life form of collected medicinal flora: The life form of reported medicinal plants in district was observed and trees (31 species) were found to dominant plant form followed by shrubs (26 species) as well as herbs (4 species) (Table 1, Figure 5). Most prevailing plant families in district were found with species number as: Moraceae (8), Apocynaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Verbenaceae (4) and rest of the families which denoted the less number of species are represented in Figure 4.
Informant consensus factor (ICF): ICF index expresses informer’s consent on the therapeutic plant utilization, and estimates inconsistency in means of exploitation counter to described illnesses (Table 4). To calculate ICF value, diseases were organized into 15 kinds on the consumption basis. The ICF index, close to 1 depicts that species is very famous and used by a large number of local people of this district because of its authenticity about diseases. However, the value of ICF, close to 0 depicts reduced informers usage of a particular plant to cure described ailments. The maximum 77.05% reported plant species were used for the diseases related to gastro-intestinal & intestinal parasites (GIP), followed by respiratory problems, fever/headache, skin infection, cuts/wounds healing, muscular-skeletal problems/rheumatism, sexual problems, weakness or dizziness, neurologic diseases, infection as well as inflammation, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular problems, kidney problems, snake bite/scorpion bite and anti-hypertensive (63.93, 39.34, 27.87, 24.59, 22.95, 21.31, 19.67, 18.03, 16.39, 11.48, 9.84, 8.20, 6.56 and 6.56% respectively). These findings figure out gastro-intestinal & intestinal parasites (GIP) and respiratory problems dominant in the district. Our results are in agreement with records related to gastro-intestinal & intestinal parasites (GIP) and respiratory problems reported by some earlier researchers (Noman et al., 2017; Revathi et al., 2013; Umair et al., 2017). However, Benarba (Benarba 2016) and Abdelhalim et al., (Abdelhalim et al., 2017) reported more and different plants to cure gastro-intestinal &intestinal parasites (GIP) and respiratory problems. The ICF value for different 15 ailment categories was found that showed highest consensus (0.43) of plants for gastro-intestinal & intestinal parasites while least consensus (0.19) was found for muscular-skeletal problems/rheumatism. The results regarding average ICF value 0.30 is not in agreement with the previous research work accomplished in Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2014; Umair et al., 2017).
Use value (UV) and Relative frequency of citation (RFC): The RFC value substantiates the citation frequency of a therapeutic plant utilized to cure many ailments. The RFC value of reported plants ranged between 2 to 17% (Table 1). The uppermost RFC index was computed for Citrus aurantifolia (0.17) and lowest value (0.02) was calculated for Euphorbia royleana, Callistemon viminalis, and Psidium guajava. The said species were described by maximum local informers, hence showing high RFC. The RFC index helps to sort out the potentially reported plants species for further phytochemical analysis, pharmacological analysis and also use as reference in drug development.
The reported value of UV ranged from 0.07-0.83 shows low to high quantity of usage stated by the local informers for a specific reported plant species. The highest UV was found for Ficus carica (0.83), Albizzia lebbeck (0.73) and Psidium guajava (0.71) and lowest for Ficus benjamine with UV of 0.07 (Table 1). This UV index shows extensive use of species having high UV and less accessibility and medicinal uses of species having low UV. The plant species with high UV can be recommended for further evaluation of their phytochemical and pharmacological analyses to ensure the presence of bioactive compounds (Ahmad et al., 2016). However, the UV index cannot exactly differentiate that a plant was utilized for a particular or several diseases (Musa et al., 2011). The UV index also related with various issues e.g., maintenance and conservation of plants having maximum UV index (Albuquerque et al., 2006). The plant species like Ficus carica, Albizzia lebbeck and Psidium guajava are most probable to suffer the highest cutting, picking and harvesting threat. The most important plants can be sorted out and distinguished through such research based studies to maintain and guarantee their use in the society.
Ficus carica is also widely used to cure inflammation, cancer (Mawa et al., 2013), gastric problems, urinary tract infection, respiratory, endocrine and for reproductive disorders (Badgujar et al., 2014). Mishra et al., (Mishra et al., 2010), reported that Albizzia lebbeck bark have anti-asthmatic, anti-anaphylactic properties and pods have analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal activities and antispermatogenic effect (Farag et al., 2013; Sheyin et al., 2015). The Psidium guajava broadly studied for anti-microbial (Mendez et al., 2016), against diabetes (Joseph et al., 2016), anti-inflammatory (El-Ahmady et al., 2013), anti-tumor, anti-cancer (Ashraf et al., 2016), for diabetes, vomiting, diarrhea and dyslipidemias (Elias et al., 2017) and leaves aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava use for obesity and dyslipidemias (Simao et al., 2017). These outcomes ratify high UV and RFC index of above stated medicinal plants in district Faisalabad.
Fidelity level (FL): The FL of plants was calculated that started from 22.22 and ended at 100% (Table 6). The high %age of fidelity level (FL) of a plant species shows the dominance of a particular health disorder in a locality and the exploitation of plant species by the peoples to cure it (Bibi et al., 2014; Malla et al., 2015). The 100% FL was calculated in Acacia nilotica for gastric, respiratory, diabetics and hypertensive diseases. 85.71, 80.95, 78.38, and 73.08% FL was found for Salvadora oleoides, Ficus religiosa, Calotropis procera and Lawsonia inermis against respiratory diseases, sexual disorders, rheumatism and anti-inflammatory, respectively.
Ali et al., 2012 evaluated anti-cancer, anti-platelet aggregator, anti-pyretic properties of Acacia nilotica a reported plant species showed 100% FL (Ali et al., 2012) while (Farzana and Tharique 2014) reported Acacia nilotica for the treatment of bleeding diseases, prolapse and leucorrhoea.
Relative popularity level (RPL): The 300 local informants mentioned 61 plants species for medicinal use against 15 different categories of diseases. The 21 species (out of 61) got more consideration by informants, so proceed for further analysis and calculations. A plant species referred by 17 or further local informers measured as popular while below 17 was considered as unpopular plant species. The high RPL value of these species shows their worth, efficacy and the IK of local community about their medicinal use. Therefore, according to this criterion it was found that 9 plants cited by 17 informers or further were categorized for popular and 12 plants were mentioned very few to 16 informers were classified unpopular. Salvadora oleoides (Salvadoraceae), Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae), Acacia nilotica (Mimosaceae), Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) and Rosa indica (Rosaceae) were found the popular species in this district with 1.0 RPL value (Table 6). This is the earliest reference line study about IK of native community on the subject of utilization of these popular local indigenous plants (IP) species for specific diseases. The results of this study are in line with earlier studies about the eminence of ethno-medicinal plant species amid Bedouins of the desert (Friedman et al., 1986) and ethno-botanical studies of medicinal plants in Palestinian area. Alhagi maurorum and Tamarix aphylla were classified as unpopular species in above discussed studies because of their low RPL value.
Rank order priority (ROP): The ROP values were utilized to allocate an appropriate rank to plants having diverse fidelity levels. These RPL values were used as correction factor for the adjustment and settlement of FL. The RPL values of 21 most important reported plant species has been shown in Table 6. The ROP value above 50 only found for 9 plant species (Table 6). It is perhaps due to lack of awareness about indigenous knowledge (IK) or less popularity of traditional medicines among the peoples of this district. Acacia nilotica was extensively used plant species because of its ROP value was found 100 while the plant species Salvadora oleoides, Ficus religiosa, Calotropis procera, Lawsonia inermis, Psidium guajava, Nerium oleander, Melia azedarach and Rosa indica were found with notable ROP values (86, 81, 78, 73, 69, 63, 58 and 53 respectively). The ROP indexes reported by (Friedman et al., 1986; Umair et al., 2017) were comparable to the results and findings of the present study.
Jaccard index (JI): An evaluation of reported data by ethno-botanists from the different areas of Pakistan as well as other neighboring and international countries was executed by using the formula and method of Jaccard Index (JI). The original application data of 61 ethno-medicinal plant species in our present study was associated with 20 former ethno-botanical studies conducted and published from different areas of Pakistan and China Bangladesh, Namibia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Algerian Sahara, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India (Table 7). The highest JI value was calculated 18.75, tracked by 14.96 and lowest JI value was found 0.50, tracked by 0.81. The present study data of 61 plant species of district Faisalabad showed similarity index of the compared information sorts from 20.75 to 0.71 and the deviation fraction ranges from 47.17 to 1.42. The three highest values of similarity index was documented from Pakistan with the ethnobotanical studies of (Hussain et al., 2012), followed by (Umair et al., 2017) and (Qasim et al., 2014) with JI value 20.75, 20.00 and 16.67 respectively (Table 7) and the lowest was documented from the studies of (Alam et al., 2011) with JI value 0.71. The maximum level of similarity index was establish with the work of (Hussain et al., 2012), that shown some cultural, ethnic, environmental, geographical and vegetation similarity between Faisalabad and Mirpurkhas. While, the minimum level of similarity index was establish with work of (Alam et al., 2011) in Buner-Pakistan, it might be due to some ecological barriers and difference in indigenous knowledge (IK) that bring out geographical isolation of plant species and assortments in habitats and vegetation. Whereas, among countries the maximum similarity value was documented from Tanzania having JI value 16.13 and the lowest values of similarity index was found from China with JI value 1.16. Normally, traditional herbal practitioners shared indigenous knowledge (IK) with their own decedents and generations. The indigenous knowledge (IK) varies from one community to another due to social and cultural practices. It also differs with gender, age, origin and literacy level of persons cited indigenous knowledge (IK). This type of comparative ethnobotanical studies is very helpful to explore the important indigenous knowledge (IK) or information among communities of different regions and countries lead to find the new remedies for diseases.
Innovation and future influence: The current ethno-botanical study is first document to explore the indigenous knowledge (IK), uses and medicinal properties of 61 medicinal plant species in district Faisalabad utilized by the native community. The comparison of reported species with earlier studies related to medicinal plants described in various regions of Pakistan and in other neighboring countries as presented in the Table 7 to trace out the novelty innovation index. Almost, 8.18% therapeutic utilization of stated plants was identical, while 12.81% were distinct to earlier studies. However, 79.01% medicinal uses of reported plant species were innovative in the current study.
Additionally, medicinal usages of plants described in different zones of Pakistan e.g. from Mirpurkhas Sindh Province of Pakistan displayed maximum similarity index with JI value 20.75 as compared to other areas of Pakistan. The collected ethno-botanical data from the district Faisalabad expose remarkable difference with regard to use of plant parts, method of verdant preparation and their consummation as published and stated from different areas of Pakistan and other countries.
Few of the newly reported and documented therapeutic uses and pertinent plants cited, consist of: Acacia nilotica (pneumonia), Albizzia lebbeck (leprosy), Alstonia scholaris (malaria), Calotropis procera (tuberculosis), Carissa carandas (anti-hypertensive), Dalbergia sissoo (leucoderma), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (dizziness), Ficus carica (kidney or bladder stone), Ficus religiosa (carbuncle), Mangifera indica (scabies), Melia azedarach (fever & headache), Nerium oleander (cardiovascular diseases), Psidium guajava (cuts & wounds healing), Punica granatum (jaundice), Ricinus communis (galactagogue), Rosa indica (semen secretion), Salvadora oleoides (snake biting/scorpion biting), Thevitia peruviana (rheumatism) and Zizyphus mauritiana (paralysis). The plants reported with new restorative, medicinal usages and high estimation of RPL could be contemplated advance for phytochemical analysis, to screen out the bioactive mixes and compounds, pharmacological analysis and also use as reference in drug development and to introduce novel drugs.
Table 1. Presentation of plant parts used, life form, RFC
value, UV value along with their distribution across the district Faisalabad.
Name of Species
|
Common Name
|
Location
|
Habit
|
RFC
|
UV
|
WP
|
ST
|
RT
|
L
|
FL
|
SE
|
HW
|
B
|
FR
|
ED
|
Acacia nilotica L.
|
Daisikikar
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.07
|
0.48
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AlbizzialebbeckBenth.
|
Shareen
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.73
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alstonia scholaris R. Br.
|
Dita bark, Devil’s tree
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.13
|
0.30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
|
Nimb, Neem
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.09
|
0.21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bombaxceiba Linn.
|
Simbal
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.03
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bougainvillea spectabilisWilld.
|
Gate bale,Bougain bale
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.06
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Callistemon viminalis G. Don.
|
Bottlebrush
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.02
|
0.20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
|
Ak, Safaidak
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.08
|
0.50
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capparisaphylla Roth.
|
Delha
|
Millet colony
|
|
0.03
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carissa carandasAuct.
|
Karanda
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.45
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cestrum nocturnum L.
|
Raatki rani
|
Risal-e-Wala
|
|
0.10
|
0.17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle.
|
Khagzilimun
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.17
|
0.22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cordiamyxa Linn.
|
Lasoorha
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.03
|
0.60
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DalbergiasissooRoxb. ex DC.
|
Tahli, Shisham
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.11
|
0.39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Durantarepens Linn.
|
Duranta
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.04
|
0.17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensisDehnh.
|
Safaida
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.07
|
0.52
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eugenia jambolana Lam.
|
Jaman
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.09
|
0.22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Euphorbia royleanaBoiss.
|
Churee
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.02
|
0.67
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficusbengalensis Linn.
|
Bargad
|
Dhudi wala
|
|
0.05
|
0.47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficus benjamine Linn.
|
Putrajanvi
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.12
|
0.07
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficus carica Linn.
|
Anjir
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.04
|
0.83
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficus elastic Linn.
|
Rubber tree
|
Narrh wala
|
|
0.06
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FicusinfectoriaRoxb.
|
Pilkhan
|
Pakki marri
|
|
0.07
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FicusmacrophyllaDesf. ex Pers.
|
Bayfig
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.10
|
0.17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficus religiosa Linn.
|
Bodhi, Peepal
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.04
|
0.67
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gmelinaphilippensis Linn.
|
Badhara
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.02
|
0.17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.
|
Shoe flower
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.13
|
0.18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ipomoea cairica Sweet.
|
Messina
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ipomoea carneaJacq.
|
Besharmibooti
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.07
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
JasminumsambacAit.
|
Motiaa, Jasmine
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.09
|
0.30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
JatrophaintegerrimaJacq.
|
Jatropha
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.03
|
0.44
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lantana camara L.
|
Lantana
|
Risal-e-wala
|
|
0.04
|
0.25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lawsonia inermis Linn.
|
Mehndi, Henna
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.14
|
0.24
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leucaenaleucocephala(Lam.) De Wit.
|
Ipleiple
|
Tariqabad
|
|
0.05
|
0.20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leucophyllumcandidum L.
|
Silver cloud
|
Mansoorabad
|
|
0.03
|
0.22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mangifera indica Linn.
|
Aam
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.06
|
0.39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Melia azedarach Linn.
|
Bakyan
|
Millet colony
|
|
0.13
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moringaoleifera Lam.
|
Sonjana
|
Mansoorabad
|
|
0.03
|
0.56
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Morus alba Linn.
|
Toot
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.07
|
0.25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Morusnigra Linn.
|
Tootsiyah
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Murrayapaniculata(Linn.) Jack.
|
Kamini
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.10
|
0.57
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nerium oleander Linn.
|
Knair
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.06
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parkinsonia aculeate L.
|
Parkinsonia
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.05
|
0.46
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phoenix dactylifera Linn.
|
Khajur
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.04
|
0.27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pithecellobiumdulce(Roxb.) Benth.
|
Jang jlaibi
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.04
|
0.38
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pongamiapinnata(Linn.) Merr.
|
Sukhchan
|
Samanabad
|
|
0.08
|
0.21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ProsopisglandulosaTorr.
|
Paharrikikar
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.11
|
0.24
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PrunuspercicaBatsch.
|
Aru
|
Premium mill colony
|
|
0.10
|
0.20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psidium guajava Linn.
|
Amrud
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.02
|
0.71
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Punica granatum Linn.
|
Anar
|
People’s colony
|
|
0.06
|
0.35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quisqualisindica Linn.
|
Barmasi
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.50
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ricinus communis Linn.
|
Arand
|
Dhudi wala
|
|
0.07
|
0.35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rosa indica Linn.
|
Ghulab
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.03
|
0.63
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SalvadoraoleoidesDecne.
|
Vann
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.04
|
0.45
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SchinusterbinthifolusRaddi.
|
Brazillianpepper
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.13
|
0.15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tabernaemontanadivaricata(L.)
R.
Br. Ex Roem. &Schult.
|
Chandni
|
Sheikh colony
|
|
0.06
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tamarix aphylla Karst.
|
Lal-jhav, Rakta-jhav
|
Ayub colony
|
|
0.08
|
0.25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thevitia peruviana Pers.
|
Thivati
|
Gulfishan colony
|
|
0.05
|
0.43
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vitex trifoliate L.
|
Pani-ki-sanbhalu
|
Ghulamabad
|
|
0.11
|
0.22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WithaniasominiferaDunal.
|
Ashwaganda, Panir
|
Zulifqar colony
|
|
0.03
|
0.44
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ZizyphusmauritianaLamk.
|
Ber
|
Dhudi wala
|
|
0.04
|
0.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WP: Whole Plant; ST: Stem; RT: Root; L: Leaf; FL: Flower; SE: Seed; HW: Heart Wood; B: Bark; FR: Fruit; ED: Extract and Decoction
Plant habit:
Tree, Shrub, Herb; RFC: Relative
frequency citation; UV: Use value
Table 2. Age
range and gender ratio of informants from District Faisalabad.
Category No.
|
Age Range
|
Gender
|
No. of persons
|
Percentage (%)
|
Male
|
Female
|
Herbalist/Hakims
|
Above 50
|
7
|
1
|
8
|
2.67
|
Youth
|
21-30
|
28
|
2
|
30
|
10.00
|
Adult
|
31-40
|
39
|
16
|
55
|
18.33
|
Middle age
|
41-50
|
67
|
32
|
99
|
33.00
|
Senior
|
51-60
|
43
|
27
|
70
|
23.33
|
Old
|
61-70
|
21
|
5
|
26
|
8.67
|
Very old
|
Above 70
|
9
|
3
|
12
|
4.00
|
|
Total
|
214
|
86
|
300
|
|
Table 3.
Educational ability of informants from District Faisalabad.
Education level
|
No. of individuals
|
Percentage (%)
|
Illiterate
|
113
|
37.67
|
Primary
|
57
|
19.00
|
Middle
|
73
|
24.33
|
Secondary
|
39
|
13.00
|
University
|
18
|
6.00
|
Total
|
300
|
|
Table 4.
Informant consensus factor (*ICF) of reported plant species against different
disease categories.
Disease Categories
|
Plant reported
|
Use Reports (Nur)
|
%age of use reports
|
%age of taxa
|
ICF
|
Gastro-intestinal &
Intestinal parasites
|
47
|
82
|
20.61
|
77.05
|
0.43
|
Fever and headache
|
24
|
38
|
10.53
|
39.34
|
0.38
|
Muscular-skeletal
problems/Rheumatism
|
14
|
17
|
6.14
|
22.95
|
0.19
|
Weakness and dizziness
|
12
|
19
|
5.26
|
19.67
|
0.39
|
Cuts and wounds Healing
|
15
|
21
|
6.58
|
24.59
|
0.30
|
Respiratory problems
|
39
|
51
|
17.11
|
63.93
|
0.24
|
Snake bite/Scorpion bite
|
4
|
6
|
1.75
|
6.56
|
0.40
|
Cardiovascular problems
|
6
|
9
|
2.63
|
9.84
|
0.38
|
Sexual problem
|
13
|
17
|
5.70
|
21.31
|
0.25
|
Neurologic diseases
|
11
|
14
|
4.82
|
18.03
|
0.23
|
Skin infection
|
17
|
22
|
7.46
|
27.87
|
0.24
|
Infection and Inflammation
|
10
|
15
|
4.39
|
16.39
|
0.36
|
Anti-diabetic
|
7
|
9
|
3.07
|
11.48
|
0.25
|
Anti-hypertensive
|
4
|
5
|
1.75
|
6.56
|
0.25
|
Kidney problems
|
5
|
7
|
2.19
|
8.20
|
0.33
|
Table 5.
Medicinal uses and physiologically active chemical
constituentsof
reported plant species in district Faisalabad.
Family Name
|
Plant/Species Name
|
Physiologically active
chemical constituents
|
Conventional medicinal
use
|
Anacardiaceae
|
Mangifera indica
Linn.
|
Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glucose, galactose,
xylose, rhamnose, tannin, mangiferin, friedelin, b-sitosterol, vitamins A, C
and D (Joshi, 2003)
|
Leucorrhoea,
laxative, diarrhoea, dysentry, respiratory problems, sexual problems, cuts
and wounds, kidney problems
|
Schinus terbinthifolus Raddi.
|
Catechin, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, saponins (de Carvalho et al., 2003).
|
Anti-inflammatory, cuts and wounds
|
Apocynaceae
|
Alstonia scholaris
R. Br.
|
Ditamine, echitamine, echitenine, echicaoutchin,
echicerin, echitin (Khan et al.,
2015)
|
Cardio tonic, anti-diabetic, fever, abdominal
disorders, skin diseases, asthma, bronchitis
|
Carissa carandas Auct.
|
Isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, beta-caryophyllene (Farag et
al., 2013)
|
Intermittent fever, diarrhea, oral inflammation,
blood pressure, respiratory diseases
|
Nerium oleander Linn.
|
Nerin, oleandrin, folinerin, neritaloside,
urechitoxin, adynerin, B-sitosterol, ursolic, oleanolic acids, neriaside,
oleosides A,B,C,D,E and F (Joshi, 2003)
|
Healing of wounds, cardio-tonic, indigestion,
itching, sexual diseases
|
Thevitia peruviana Pers.
|
Bornesitol, theveside, viridoside, thevefolin,
epiperuviol acetate, α-β-amyrin, thevetin, thevetoxin, peruvoside
|
Kidney problems, cardio tonic, purgative, fevers,
rheumatism, cuts and wounds
|
Tabernaemontana divaricata
(L.)
R. Br. Ex Roem.
&Schult.
|
Tabernaemontanine, arteriosclerosis, apparicine,
catharanthine, coronaridine, voacamine, coronaridine, voacamine, voacangine,
voacristine, vobasine (Farag et al.,
2013)
|
Dysentery, diarrhea
|
Arecaceae
|
Phoenix dactylifera
Linn.
|
Vitamin A, B and D, galactose, xylose, rhamnose,
uronic acid (Joshi, 2003)
|
Respiratory problems, tonic, laxative, diarrhea
|
Asclepiadaceae
|
Calotropis procera
(Ait) R. Br.
|
Calotropin, calotropangenin, usharin, calotoxin,
calactin (Joshi, 2003)
|
Dyspepsia, flatulence, constipation, loss of
appetite, asthma, tonic, rheumatism, dysentery
|
Bombacaceae
|
Bombax ceiba
Linn.
|
Hexacosanol, tocopherol, terenes, lupeol,
β-sitosterol, triacontanol, β-sitosterol, henriacontane,
quercetin, kaempferol (Joshi, 2003)
|
Chest diseases, fever, diuretic
|
Boraginaceae
|
Cordia myxa
Linn.
|
Pectin, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium (Khan et
al., 2015)
|
Coughs, joint pains
|
Capparaceae
|
Capparis aphylla
Roth.
|
Capric acid, quercetin (Khan et
al., 2015)
|
Rheumatism, heart diseases
|
Combretaceae
|
Quisqualis indica
Linn.
|
Rutin, trigonelline, L-proline, L-asparagine,
quisqualic acid, palmitic (Joshi, 2003)
|
Diarrhea, purgative, skin diseases
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Ipomoea cairica Sweet
|
Lignans, arctigenin, trachelogenin, arctigenin,
matairesinol, vanillic acid, stigmasterol (Lin et al.,
2008)
|
Rheumatism, inflammations
|
Ipomoea carnea Jacq.
|
Glycosides, tannins,
flavone glycoside, saponin, L-rhamnose,
D-fucose, D-chinovose, convolvulinolate, jalapinolate (Alam et al.,
2011)
|
Anti-rheumatic
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Euphorbia royleana Boiss.
|
Triterpenes, benzcoumarins, ellagic acid (Kibonde et al., 2018)
|
Anti-inflammatory
|
Ficus macrophylla Desf.
ex Pers.
|
Pectin, vitamin C (Khan et al., 2015).
|
Gastro problems
|
Jatropha integerrima Jacq.
|
Integerrimene, caniojane, 1,11-bisepicaniojane (Kayani et al., 2015)
|
Laxative
|
Ricinus communis
Linn.
|
Ricinoleic acid, isoricinoleic, stearic, ricinin (Amjad et
al., 2017)
|
Purgative, rheumatism, diarrhea, sexual disorders
|
Fabaceae
|
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
ex DC.
|
Isoflavone glycosides, biochanin, tectorigenin (Farag et al., 2013)
|
Skin ailments, wound, burning sensations, dysentery,
dyspepsia
|
Parkinsonia aculeate L.
|
Flavonoids, glycosides, aerienne, organosaereos,
glicosidos aromatic compounds, carbohydrates,glucide (Siddiqui et
al., 2006).
|
Anti-diabetic
|
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
|
Hexane-dicloromethane, methanol, triacylglycerols,
glycerol 1,3-dilinoleoyl-2-decanoic, glycerol
1-linoleoyl-2-docosanoic-3-olein (Joshi,
2003)
|
Fever, infection
|
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr.
|
Karanjin, pongamol, glabrin, pinnatin, gamatin,
kaempferol (Joshi, 2003)
|
Skin diseases, sexual diseases, diabetes
|
Lythraceae
|
Lawsonia inermis
Linn.
|
Glucoside, xanthoes, β-ionone (Joshi, 2003)
|
Anti-inflammatory, skin problems
|
Malvaceae
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Linn.
|
B-sitosterol, Quercetin-3-diglucoside, cyaniding-3-sophoroside-3-5glucoside
(Joshi, 2003)
|
Sexual problems, neurological disorders
|
Meliaceae
|
Azadirachta indica
A. Juss.
|
Nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, azharone, azadirone, isoazadironolide (Siddiqui et al.,
2006 )
|
Skin diseases, healing of wounds
|
Melia azedarach
Linn.
|
Arabinofucoglucanes, fucogalactoglucoarabinanes,
flavonoids, flavonoglycosides, dihydrochalocones, tannins (Siddiqui et al.,
2006)
|
Respiratory disorders, fever, vomiting, skin
diseases
|
Mimosaceae
|
Acacia nilotica L.
|
Tannin, quercetin, gallic acid, catechin,
epicatechin, dicatechin, leucocyanidin (Joshi, 2003)
|
Anti-diabetic, sore throats, chest pain, pneumonia,
gastro diseases, anti-hypertensive
|
Albizzia lebbeck Benth.
|
Anthraquinone glycosides, aerobes (Phillips and Gentry 1993), macrocyclicspermien alkaloids budmunchiamines
1-3, Albizziahexoside a new
hexaglycosylatedsaponin (Zaman and Hazrat, 2013)
|
Respiratory problem, snakebite, scorpion sting,
malaria/intermittent fever, anti-inflammatory
|
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De
Wit.
|
Mimosine, glucosidequercetrin, hydrocyanic acid,
leucaenine, quercitrin, tannic acid (Zaman and Hazrat, 2013)
|
Sexual problems
|
Prosopis glandulosa
Torr.
|
Prosopine, prosopinine, isoprosopinine, prosofrine,
prosofrinine, prosopol (Lin et al.,2008)
|
Rheumatism, scorpion sting, sexual problems
|
Moraceae
|
Ficus bengalensis
Linn.
|
Bengalenoside, friedelin, quercetin,
β-sitosterol, 3-galactoside, rutin, taraxasteroltiglate (Joshi, 2003)
|
Skin diseases, vaginal disorders, anti-inflammatory,
asthma, nervous disorders, rheumatism, anti-diabetic
|
Ficus benjamine Linn.
|
Proteose, amino acid, tyrosin, enzyme cravin,
lipase, protease, pectose (Siddiqui et. al., 2006)
|
Cuts and wounds
|
Ficus
carica Linn.
|
Flavonoids, rutin, tannins, ketoses, coumarins,
psoralen, bergaptene, octacosane, valeric acids, guaiacol (Amjad et
al., 2017)
|
Laxative, kidney problems, fever, skin diseases,
tonic
|
Ficus elastic Linn.
|
Tannin, silica, phosphoric acid (Khan et
al., 2015)
|
Dysentery, respiratory problem
|
Ficus
infectoria Roxb.
|
Flavonoids, flavonol O-glycosides (Greenham et. al., 2007)
|
Vaginal diseases
|
Ficus religiosa
Linn.
|
Phytosterolins, β-sitosterol-D-glucoside, vitamin
K (Joshi, 2003)
|
Purgative, skin diseases, sexual diseases, asthma
|
Morus alba Linn.
|
Mulberrin, mulberrochromene, morusin, cyclomorusin,
mulberranol, alboctalol (Joshi, 2003)
|
Purgative, fever, respiratory diseases
|
Morus nigra
Linn.
|
Linoleic acid, myristic acid, glucose, fructose,
stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, extract, rutin, carotene, vitamin B and C,
pectin (Khambay et. al.,
1999)
|
Sexual weakness, diarrhea, ulcerated
intestine,pharyngitis
|
Moringaceae
|
Moringa oleifera
Lam.
|
Vitamin C, benzyl-isothiocyanate (Dayrit et. al., 1990)
|
Anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, snake bite and
scorpion sting
|
Myrtaceae
|
Callistemon viminalis G.
Don.
|
Viminadione A-B (Khambay et. al., 1999)
|
Heart diseases
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
|
Betulinic acid,
oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, beta-phellandrene,
p-cymene, cryptone (Siddiqui et. al., 2006)
|
Coughs, throat ailments, diarrhea, dysentery, tonic
|
Eugenia jambolana Lam.
|
Jambolin, ellagic acid, tannin, gallic acid, acetyl
oleanolic acid, kaempferol, myricetin (Joshi, 2003)
|
Dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, cough and asthma
|
Psidium guajava Linn.
|
Galacturonic acid, rhamnose, β-sitosterol,
maslinic acid, guijavalic acid, leucocyanidin (Joshi, 2003)
|
Vitamin C, tonic, wounds, vomiting, diarrhea,
respiratory problems
|
Nyctaginaceae
|
Bougainvillea
spectabilis Willd.
|
Ethylene, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (Kayani et al., 2015)
|
Infections
|
Oleaceae
|
Jasminum sambac Ait.
|
Pyridine, nicotinate derivatives (Joshi, 2003)
|
Insanity, anti-hyperstensive
|
Punicaceae
|
Punica granatum
Linn.
|
Pelletierine, isopelletierine, pseudopelletierine,
methyl-isopelletierine, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose,
maltose, isoquercetin, vitamin C (Lakhdari et al., 2016)
|
Fever, cough, bronchitis, vomiting, diarrhea, tonic
|
Rhamnaceae
|
Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.
|
Leucocyanidin, leucopelargonidin, betulinic,
ceabothic acid, rutin (Joshi, 2003)
|
Fever, diarrhea, laxative, kidney problems
|
Rosaceae
|
Prunus percica Batsch.
|
Hentriacontane, hentriacontanol, β-sitosterol,
ursolic acid, multinoside-A, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, quercetine (Joshi,
2003)
|
Cough, chronic bronchitis, vomiting
|
Rosa indica Linn.
|
Anthocyanins, hydroxylations, epoxidations, epoxide,
ellagitannins (Cheikhyoussef
et al., 2011).
|
Healing of wounds, fevers, sexual problems,
laxative, tonic
|
Rutaceae
|
Citrus aurantifolia
Swingle
|
Citral, hesperidin, nobiletin, citromitin, vitamin
B, vitamin C, citric acid, synephrine (Amjad
et al., 2017)
|
Gastro problems
|
Murraya paniculata
(Linn.) Jack.
|
Murrayin, scopolin (Lakhdari et al., 2016)
|
Respiratory diseases, cuts, diarrhea, dysentery
|
Salvadoraceae
|
Salvadora oleoides Decne.
|
Salvadorine, trimethylamine, phosphoric anhydride (Khan et
al., 2015)
|
Purgative, constipation, fevers, snake-bite, asthma,
cough
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Leucophyllum candidum
L.
|
Diayangambin, epiyangambin, diasesartemin,
epiashantin (Shahat et al.,
2005)
|
Gastro disorders
|
Solanaceae
|
Cestrum nocturnum L.
|
Spirostanolsaponin, furostanolsaponin, pseudo-furostanolsaponin (Maryo et
al., 2015)
|
Neural disorders
|
Withania sominiferaDunal.
|
Withaferine A-B, 3α-tigloxytropine,
cusohygrine, anaferine, anahygrine, choline, visamine (Lakhdari et al., 2016)
|
Rheumatism, nervous disorders, sexual problems
|
Tamaricaceae
|
Tamarix aphylla Karst.
|
Tannic acid, dextrin (Khan et al., 2015)
|
Eczema, respiratory diseases
|
Verbenaceae
|
Duranta repens Linn.
|
Phenylethanoid glycoside acteoside, iridoidlamiide,
saponin pseudo-ginsenoside (Shahat et al.,
2005)
|
Heart problems
|
Gmelina philippensis Linn.
|
Glucoside (Khan et
al., 2015)
|
Gastro disorders
|
Lantana camara L.
|
Palmitic acid,
stearic acid, germacrene-D,
lantanoside, lantanone, lancamaric acid, camarolide (Shahat et
al., 2005)
|
Blood pressure, asthma, bronchiectasis, arterial
hypertension, fever
|
Vitex trifoliate L.
|
Alkaloids (Lakhdari et al., 2016)
|
Rheumatism, headache
|
Table 6: Most vital and utilized plant species
of the study area along with FL, RPL and ROP.
Sr. No.
|
Name of Species
|
NP
|
N
|
NA
|
FL (%)
|
RPL
|
ROP
|
1
|
Salvadora
oleoides Decne.
|
42
|
49
|
9
|
85.71
|
1.00
|
86
|
2
|
Ficus religiosa Linn.
|
34
|
42
|
5
|
80.95
|
1.00
|
81
|
3
|
Calotropis
procera (Ait) R. Br.
|
29
|
37
|
10
|
78.38
|
1.00
|
78
|
4
|
Acacia nilotica L.
|
35
|
35
|
7
|
100.00
|
1.00
|
100
|
5
|
Lawsonia
inermis Linn.
|
19
|
26
|
3
|
73.08
|
1.00
|
73
|
6
|
Psidium
guajava Linn.
|
18
|
26
|
7
|
69.23
|
1.00
|
69
|
7
|
Nerium oleander Linn.
|
15
|
24
|
5
|
62.50
|
1.00
|
63
|
8
|
Melia azedarach Linn.
|
11
|
19
|
3
|
57.89
|
1.00
|
58
|
9
|
Rosa indica Linn.
|
9
|
17
|
6
|
52.94
|
1.00
|
53
|
10
|
Punica granatum Linn.
|
9
|
16
|
3
|
56.25
|
0.76
|
43
|
11
|
Ficus carica Linn.
|
7
|
15
|
4
|
46.67
|
0.71
|
33
|
12
|
Mangifera
indica Linn.
|
5
|
15
|
7
|
33.33
|
0.71
|
24
|
13
|
Carissa carandas Auct.
|
3
|
13
|
6
|
23.08
|
0.62
|
14
|
14
|
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
|
5
|
13
|
4
|
38.46
|
0.62
|
24
|
15
|
Ricinus
communis Linn.
|
4
|
13
|
4
|
30.77
|
0.62
|
19
|
16
|
Dalbergia
sissoo Roxb.
ex DC.
|
6
|
12
|
9
|
50.00
|
0.57
|
29
|
17
|
Albizzia
lebbeck Benth.
|
4
|
9
|
5
|
44.44
|
0.43
|
19
|
18
|
Thevitia
peruviana Pers.
|
2
|
9
|
4
|
22.22
|
0.43
|
10
|
19
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
|
4
|
8
|
6
|
50.00
|
0.38
|
19
|
20
|
Alstonia
scholaris R. Br.
|
3
|
7
|
3
|
42.86
|
0.33
|
14
|
21
|
Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
25.00
|
0.19
|
5
|
Np: No. of informants who reported use of species; N: number
of total informants, NA: Number of ailments; FL: Fidelity level, RPL: Relative popularity level,
ROP: Rank order
priority
Table 7. The
comparison of present study with earlier studies at the regional, national, and global scales.
Sr. No.
|
Previous study area
|
References
|
Total documented species in previous study
|
Total documented species in present study
|
Similar use of plant
|
Dissimilar use of plant
|
Plants common in both areas
|
%age of plant with similar uses
|
%age of plants with dissimilar uses
|
Jaccard Index (JI)
|
1
|
Buner, Pakistan
|
(Alam et
al., 2011)
|
141
|
61
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
0.71
|
1.42
|
0.50
|
2
|
Chaoshan, Guangdong, China
|
(Chan et
al., 2012)
|
86
|
61
|
1
|
5
|
2
|
1.16
|
5.81
|
1.38
|
3
|
Coastal areas of Pakistan
|
(Qasim et
al., 2014)
|
54
|
61
|
9
|
11
|
9
|
16.67
|
20.37
|
8.49
|
4
|
Fars, Iran
|
(Dolatkhahi et al., 2014)
|
85
|
61
|
3
|
11
|
5
|
3.53
|
12.94
|
3.55
|
5
|
Guldara, Kabul, Afghanistan
|
(MH and Hamdam)
|
68
|
61
|
2
|
5
|
2
|
2.94
|
7.35
|
1.57
|
6
|
Hafizabad,Punjab, Pakistan
|
(Umair et
al., 2017)
|
85
|
61
|
17
|
27
|
19
|
20.00
|
31.76
|
14.96
|
7
|
Kel,Neelum Valley,
AK,Pakistan
|
(Ahmad et
al., 2017)
|
50
|
61
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
4.00
|
6.00
|
0.91
|
8
|
Kembatta, Southern Ethiopia
|
(Maryo et
al., 2015)
|
145
|
61
|
2
|
10
|
4
|
1.38
|
6.90
|
1.98
|
9
|
KeraniganjUpazila,
Bangladesh
|
(Amirunnesa et al., 2018)
|
10
|
61
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
10.00
|
30.00
|
1.43
|
10
|
Makran coast, Pakistan
|
(Noman et
al., 2017)
|
40
|
61
|
5
|
14
|
6
|
12.50
|
35.00
|
6.32
|
11
|
Malakand, KPK, Pakistan
|
(Zaman and
Hazrat, 2013)
|
40
|
61
|
6
|
12
|
5
|
15.00
|
30.00
|
5.21
|
12
|
Mbeya region, Tanzania
|
(Kibonde et al., 2018)
|
31
|
61
|
5
|
6
|
4
|
16.13
|
19.35
|
4.55
|
13
|
Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan
|
(Hussain et al., 2012)
|
53
|
61
|
14
|
21
|
18
|
26.42
|
39.62
|
18.75
|
14
|
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh,
India
|
(Sasidhar et al., 2016)
|
41
|
61
|
2
|
10
|
4
|
4.88
|
24.39
|
4.08
|
15
|
Northern areas of Pakistan
|
(Khan et
al., 2015)
|
51
|
61
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
3.92
|
3.92
|
0.91
|
16
|
Oshikoto region, Namibia
|
(Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011)
|
61
|
61
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
1.64
|
4.92
|
0.83
|
17
|
OuedRigh, Algerian Sahara
|
(Lakhdari et al., 2016)
|
53
|
61
|
2
|
6
|
2
|
3.77
|
11.32
|
1.79
|
18
|
Sheikupura, Pakistan
|
(Zahoor et
al., 2017)
|
96
|
61
|
14
|
33
|
13
|
14.58
|
34.38
|
9.03
|
19
|
Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan,
Iraq
|
(Ahmed, 2016)
|
63
|
61
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1.59
|
3.17
|
0.81
|
20
|
Western Himalayan, Pakistan
|
(Haq, 2012)
|
172
|
61
|
13
|
22
|
11
|
7.56
|
12.79
|
4.95
|
Figure 1. Geographical location of sampling sites across
district Faisalabad, Pakistan
Figure 2: Photographic representation of Medicinal flora of
Faisalabad district
Figure 3: Graphical representation of plant parts used
(%age)
Figure 4: Graphical expression of reported species in families of Faisalabad district
Conclusions:
The current study reflects reliance
of the natives of Faisalabad district on different medicinal plant species and
utilized reported indigenous plant species to treat different diseases and to
meet their medicinal needs. This ethno-botanical study is first document of
district Faisalabad and indigenous knowledge (IK) has equipped us with the
innovative ethno-medicinal data to make undocumented information available. The
native community still trusts on traditional ethno-medicine and indigenous
plants (IP) in spite of the modern health systems and specific drugs based on
customary formulae and methods. Our findings offer reference line indigenous
information to link the customary ethno-medicinal practitioners and scientific
societies for preparing novel medicines. This ethnobotanical information is of
substantial worth for conservatory policies and ministerial executives for
ecological administration of ethno-medicinal flora at risk owing to haphazard
urbanization, habitat loss and over exploitation. Extra exertions and
exploration on sustainable utilization, conservation, marketing and management,
ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany are vital to expose the wealth and
prospective of ethno-medicinal flora of Pakistan. Hence the popular plants
species must be anticipated thorough biochemical and pharmacological
investigation for bioactive compounds,
in vivo/in vitro biotic actions,
which may be is a way of discover a novel and likely medicines. It will be a
great contribution in the field of pharmacology and these medicinal plants be
used at commercial level in medicinal or in a pharmaceutical industry for the
human welfare. Furthermore, sustainable usages of this plant wealth will
support diversity which in profit elevation of native ecotourism initiatives.
Acknowledgement: The
authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King
Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under
grant number R.G.P. 2/14/40. We are
extremely thankful to the local community of district Faisalabad for sharing
their indigenous information and data awareness about local medicinal plants.
Author’s contribution: MAA, NI,
MA, AN and AM conducted surveys travelled to field and written manuscript. NK
and WI compiled and analyzed data. SA and MH edited manuscript and provided
funds for this study.
Conflict of Interest: All the
authors declared that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with
this publication.
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